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AP Calculus Review Optimization

This review article is all about optimization. Here, youll learn the tools and techniques for setting up and solving these often difficult problems. And along the way, well work out a few examples! Optimization The method of optimization uses derivatives to find maximum or minimum values. However, the functions that need to be optimized typically have more than one variable. Hence, considerable work goes into transforming the problem into a single-variable function first. Lets introduce the methods using a concrete example. Example: A Widget Factory Suppose you own a business that makes and sells widgets. If you sell x widgets at a price of p dollars each, then that earns your company a total of xp dollars. By the way, the quantity R = xp is called the revenue. So why not just charge a huge price for each widget to earn the most money you can? After all, the objective of most successful companies is to maximize their revenue. Well, you would raise prices, except that you noticed in the past that every time you did so, there were fewer sales of widgets. In other words, as p increases, x decreases. There is a relationship between price (p) and quantity sold (x). The higher the price, the fewer widgets can be sold. Fortunately, if you know exactly what the relationship between price and number of widgets sold at that price (or demand), then you can use optimization to find the price that maximizes your revenues! Using the Relation to Reduce Variables Next, suppose that we add one vital piece of information to this problem: The relationship between price and demand is given: x = 400 40p + p2, for 0 p 20 Note, any equation that relates the variables of an optimization problem is a constraint equation. Now do you remember that revenue function? (In case you forgot, it was R = xp.) Lets use the relationship between x and p replace x to create an objective function having only one variable. R = xp = (400 40p + p2)p = 400p 40p2 + p3 Using the Derivative to Find the Maximum Now that we have a single-variable expression, we can use the usual techniques from Calculus to find its maximum value. First take the derivative of the objective function: R = 400 80p + 3p2 Next, set the derivative equal to zero to locate any critical points. Here, well have to use the Quadratic Formula. 400 80p + 3p2 = 0 p = 6.67, or 20. Because we got two answers, we have to check which one (if any) gives the correct result. Plugging in each one into the revenue function, we find: R(6.67) = 400(6.67) 40(6.67)2 + (6.67)3 = 1185.18 R(20) = 400(20) 40(20)2 + (20)3 = 0 Clearly p = 6.67 gives better revenue. (By the way, since there was a restriction that 0 p 20, we do not have to worry about what the revenue function does beyond p = 20.) Solving the Original Problem According to the work above, the price should be p = $6.67. Then, to find the actual number of widgets that produces this amount, simply plug into the constraint. x = 400 40(6.67) + (6.67)2 = 177.7 Rounding to the nearest widget, your company should produce and sell 178 widgets at a price of $6.67 each to achieve a maximum revenue of (178)(6.67) = $1,187 (approximately). Calculus can make you rich! Well, that and a lot of hard work, I guess Method of Optimization So what have we learned from the above example? Even though most of the work was peculiar to this situation (revenue, price, demand, etc.), there are a number of steps that are useful in general. Read the Problem carefully. (This should go without saying.) Identify what you are trying to maximize or minimize (the objective) and what relationships exist among the variables (constraint equation). Write the objective as well as any constraints in terms of the variables in the problem. Use algebra to solve the constaint(s) and reduce the number of variables in the objective. The goal is to express your objective function in terms of only one variable. Use calculus to find the max or min of the objective function. This means taking a derivative, setting it equal to zero, solving, and determining which solutions give the appropriate answers for the given problem. Make sure you answer the original question. You might have to find the values of the other variables or quantities now. The hardest thing about optimization problems is the setup (Steps 1-2), because that changes from problem to problem. Example: Rectangles and Parabolas Find the largest area possible for a rectangle inscribed between the parabola y = 9 x2 and the x-axis, with its base on the x-axis. Solution First, lets sketch the graph of the parabola as well as a typical inscribed rectangle. Our objective is to maximize the area of the rectangle. Area of a rectangle: A = bh. Because the parabola touches the rectangle at its upper corners, we know that the height of the rectangle is the same as the y-coordinate of the upper right corner point. That is, h = y = 9 x2. The base length of the rectangle is b = 2x (a distance of x on the left and the right side). The two equations above are the constraints. Lets replace the variables b and h in our objective function by their equivalent expressions in terms of x. A = bh = (2x)(9 x2) = 18x 2x3 Now we can take a derivative and set it equal to zero. Of course, only the positive x-value makes sense in this context. Plug x = 3 into the area formula (objective function) to find the maximum area.

Academic Research Essay - Effective Tips To Organize Your Research Paper

Academic Research Essay - Effective Tips To Organize Your Research PaperHaving an academic research essay is one of the most important tasks that you can do. It is a great tool to help you gain entrance into a good university or college that will provide you with the best chance of earning good grades. You should write your essay well, and it must be well organized and well written so that it will be read by your peers and the professors.Writing an academic research essay can be challenging. However, it is not impossible. If you are still unsure as to how to write an essay on your own, here are some tips that you can try out. By following these tips, you will find it easier for you to organize and write your essay in a way that will impress your professor.Before you start working on your research paper, you should consider first whether it is worth doing. For example, if your research is in a particular subject and you want to write about that subject, then you should consider whethe r you have enough knowledge about that subject. Or, if you are writing a paper on a very complicated subject, it might be hard for you to understand the information you are writing about. You should be able to write clearly about the topic you are writing about. So, make sure that the topic of your research paper is clear before you start.Since writing an academic research paper requires great attention to detail, it is important for you to organize your writing. Start with creating a research paper outline. By outlining the different parts of your research paper, you will be able to have a clear understanding of what you have to write. By organizing your ideas in such a way, you will be able to avoid jumbled thoughts when you finally sit down and start writing.The structure of your academic research paper should follow a regular pattern. Since you are writing a research paper, it is important that you follow a pattern. Therefore, you should not stray from the formality that is norm ally used when writing academic research papers. This formality includes using the same format in the first paragraph, the second paragraph, the third paragraph, and so on.In order to make sure that your academic research paper is organized properly, you should read it through several times before you finish it. This will help you write your essay in a better way. At the end of your research paper, you should make sure that you give an evaluation of your essay to your instructor. The reason why you should make an evaluation of your essay is to see whether or not it has been organized well or not. If you cannot come up with a good evaluation of your essay, you should wait until you have time to organize your ideas before you submit it.After you have finished your academic research paper, do not just go on with your life. It is important that you give your professor your essay in good condition. When your professor reads your paper, you should prepare a short synopsis of your paper. T his will help you to have an idea of whether or not your essay is organized well or not.In conclusion, an academic research essay is quite important in order to get into a good university or college. By following these tips, you should be able to write an essay on your own with less difficulty.